What safety factors should I apply for steel structural design?

Modern steel design uses Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD), where loads are multiplied by load factors and resistances are divided by material partial factors. Typical combinations: 1.4D (dead load alone), 1.2D + 1.6L (dead + live), 1.2D + 1.0L + 1.0W (dead + live + wind), 0.9D + 1.0W (wind uplift, check against overturning). Material factors for steel: γm0 = 1.0 (AISC/Eurocode) to 1.10 (NBR 8800), γm1 = 1.0-1.10 for buckling. The exact values come from your governing code — CalcSteel applies them automatically when you select a standard and let the software generate the load combinations. Always verify that the load combinations in your analysis match your code's requirements.